As someone who’s spent the last decade immersed in the USA’s backcountry – guiding trips, writing gear reviews, and generally living and breathing the outdoor life – I’m constantly fascinated by the wildlife we share these spaces with. One of the most common questions I get, especially from those using trail cameras to monitor activity around campsites or for research, revolves around identifying animals caught on camera, particularly foxes. You’ve likely seen images of a fox looking at camera, or a fleeting glimpse of a fox on trail cam at night. But what about distinguishing them from coyotes? And why do animal eyes sometimes seem to glow in those nighttime shots? This article will break down everything you need to know, from identification tips to understanding the science behind glowing eyes, and even address the question of whether coyote eyes glow at night.
Identifying Foxes vs. Coyotes: A Visual Guide
The first step in understanding your trail cam footage is accurate identification. While both foxes and coyotes are members of the Canidae family (dogs, wolves, and their relatives), they have distinct characteristics. Misidentification is common, especially in low-light conditions or with quick movements. Here’s a breakdown:
Size and Build
Foxes are significantly smaller than coyotes. A typical red fox weighs between 8-15 pounds and stands about 14-20 inches tall at the shoulder. Coyotes, on the other hand, generally weigh between 20-50 pounds and stand 23-26 inches tall. This size difference is often the most obvious clue, but can be harder to judge in a photograph. Foxes have a more slender build, appearing almost delicate, while coyotes are more robust and muscular. The National Park Service provides excellent resources on fox identification.
Facial Features
Pay close attention to the face. Foxes have a more pointed muzzle and larger, more prominent ears relative to their head size. Coyotes have a broader muzzle and smaller, more triangular ears. The shape of the nose is also a good indicator; foxes have a shorter, more pointed nose, while coyotes have a longer, more dog-like nose. A fox on trail cam will often appear to have a more “cute” or “foxy” face due to these features.
Tail Characteristics
The tail is a key differentiator. Foxes have a long, bushy tail, often with a white tip. This tail is used for balance and communication. Coyotes have a bushier tail than a domestic dog, but it’s not as full or fluffy as a fox’s tail, and typically doesn’t have a prominent white tip. The tail is often held down, rather than carried upright like a fox’s.
Coat Color
Red foxes are, as the name suggests, typically reddish-orange, though color variations exist. Gray foxes have a salt-and-pepper gray coat. Coyotes generally have a grayish-brown to yellowish-gray coat. However, coat color can vary depending on the region and individual animal.
Understanding Trail Camera Images: Night Vision & Glowing Eyes
So, you’ve got a clear image of an animal on your trail cam at night. But why do their eyes sometimes appear to glow? This isn’t magic, it’s science! The phenomenon is called “eyeshine” and it’s caused by the tapetum lucidum.
The Tapetum Lucidum: Nature’s Night Vision
The tapetum lucidum is a reflective layer located behind the retina in the eyes of many nocturnal animals, including foxes and coyotes. It acts like a mirror, reflecting light back through the retina, giving the photoreceptor cells a second chance to capture it. This significantly enhances their vision in low-light conditions. REI Expert Advice explains this process in detail.
Why Eyes Appear Different Colors
The color of the eyeshine depends on the composition of the tapetum lucidum and the angle at which light hits it. In foxes and coyotes, eyeshine typically appears greenish-yellow or yellowish-white. The intensity of the glow also depends on the amount of light available and the distance between the camera and the animal.
Do Coyotes Eyes Glow at Night?
Yes, absolutely. Like foxes, coyotes possess a tapetum lucidum, and their eyes will exhibit eyeshine in low-light conditions. However, the size and shape of a coyote’s eyes, combined with their larger head size, can sometimes make the eyeshine appear more prominent or even more intense than in a fox. It’s important to remember that eyeshine is not exclusive to either species.
Fox and Coyote Behavior: What Your Trail Cam Might Reveal
Beyond identification, understanding the typical behavior of foxes and coyotes can provide valuable insights from your trail cam footage.
Fox Behavior
Foxes are generally more secretive and cautious than coyotes. They are opportunistic hunters, feeding on small mammals, birds, insects, and fruits. You might see them caching food (burying it for later) or engaging in playful behavior. Foxes are often attracted to areas with abundant rodent populations. They are also known to den in various locations, including under sheds, decks, or in wooded areas.
Coyote Behavior
Coyotes are more adaptable and bolder than foxes. They are also opportunistic hunters, but their diet is more varied and can include larger prey like deer. Coyotes are often seen traveling in pairs or small family groups. They are known for their distinctive vocalizations, including howls, yips, and barks. During breeding season, you might observe increased activity and vocalizations. The USDA Forest Service offers detailed information on coyote behavior and ecology.
Best Practices for Trail Camera Placement & Wildlife Observation
To maximize the quality of your trail cam footage and minimize disturbance to wildlife, consider these tips:
- Placement: Position your camera in areas where animals are likely to travel, such as game trails, near water sources, or along forest edges.
- Height: Mount the camera at a height of approximately 2-3 feet to capture clear images of most animals.
- Angle: Angle the camera slightly downward to avoid capturing too much sky.
- Camouflage: Conceal the camera as much as possible to avoid attracting attention.
- Check Regularly: Check the camera regularly to replace batteries and retrieve footage.
- Respect Wildlife: Observe wildlife from a safe distance and avoid disturbing their natural behavior.
Ethical Considerations & Leave No Trace
As outdoor professionals and enthusiasts, we have a responsibility to minimize our impact on wildlife. Always practice Leave No Trace principles when using trail cameras. Avoid placing cameras near sensitive areas like dens or nesting sites. Do not use bait to attract animals, as this can alter their natural behavior and create dependency. Be mindful of the potential for disturbance and prioritize the well-being of the animals you are observing.
Conclusion: Becoming a Wildlife Detective
Identifying a fox looking at camera or a coyote passing by on your trail cam can be incredibly rewarding. By understanding the key differences in their appearance and behavior, and by knowing the science behind eyeshine, you can become a more informed and effective wildlife observer. Remember to always prioritize ethical considerations and respect the natural world. Happy tracking!