As a lifelong hunter and outdoor enthusiast, I’ve always been fascinated by the evolution of firearms. Lately, I’ve been diving deep into the world of sub gauge shotguns – those beautiful, often overlooked firearms chambered in gauges smaller than the common 12 gauge. From the elegant lines of the Browning A5 Sweet Sixteen to the sheer power of an 8 gauge, these shotguns represent a unique chapter in American hunting history. This article will explore the history, availability, and considerations for those interested in these increasingly rare firearms, including the reasons behind the banning of certain 8 gauge shells and the continued appeal of the 16 gauge shotgun.
What Exactly Is a Sub Gauge Shotgun?
Simply put, a sub gauge shotgun is a shotgun chambered for a gauge smaller than 12 gauge. The most common sub gauges you’ll encounter are 28 gauge, .410 bore, 16 gauge shotgun, and historically, even smaller gauges like 24, 32, and even 5 gauge shotgun. These gauges offer different advantages and disadvantages compared to the more popular 12 and 20 gauges. Generally, they produce less recoil, making them appealing to smaller-framed shooters or those sensitive to recoil. However, they also typically have less shot capacity and a shorter effective range.
A Brief History of Smaller Gauges
The use of smaller gauges dates back to the early days of shotgunning. Before the standardization of the 12 gauge, a wide variety of gauges were in use. The gauge system itself is based on the number of lead balls, each fitting the bore, required to make a pound. So, a 16 gauge means 16 lead balls fit the bore to make a pound. As manufacturing techniques improved and the 12 gauge became the dominant choice for versatility, many of the smaller gauges gradually fell out of favor. However, they retained a loyal following among specific hunting communities.
The Browning A5 Sweet Sixteen: A Cult Classic
Perhaps the most iconic A5 Sweet Sixteen upland shotgun is the Browning A5 Sweet Sixteen. Introduced in 1935, this semi-automatic shotgun chambered in 16 gauge quickly gained a reputation for its reliability, smooth action, and elegant design. It became a favorite among quail hunters and those who appreciated a lighter, more manageable shotgun. The “Sweet Sixteen” earned its nickname due to its 16-gauge chambering and its reputation for being a “sweet” shooting gun. Production ceased in 1999, contributing to its current collector status and increasing value. Finding one in good condition can be a challenge, and prices have steadily risen in recent years.
Larger Sub Gauges: The Power of 8 and 6 Gauge
While many sub gauges represent a reduction in power, some, like the 8 and 6 gauge shotgun, were designed for sheer stopping power. These gauges were primarily used for market hunting in the 19th and early 20th centuries, capable of taking down multiple birds with a single shot. The 8 gauge, in particular, was popular for waterfowl hunting. However, the unregulated market hunting practices of the time led to significant declines in bird populations.
Why Were 8 Gauge Shells Banned?
The widespread use of 8 gauge shotguns for market hunting contributed to the near extinction of several waterfowl species. Recognizing the devastating impact, the U.S. government enacted regulations to protect these birds. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, and subsequent legislation, ultimately led to the effective banning of 8 gauge shells banned for hunting migratory birds. While the shotguns themselves weren't outlawed, the lack of commercially available ammunition rendered them largely obsolete for hunting purposes. You can find more information on the history of waterfowl conservation at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service website.
The 32 Gauge Shotshell: A Niche Following
The 32 gauge shotshell represents another interesting chapter in shotgun history. Developed in the late 19th century, it offered a compromise between the 28 and 16 gauges. It was briefly popular for quail and grouse hunting, prized for its low recoil and flat trajectory. However, it never achieved widespread acceptance and production ceased relatively quickly. Today, 32 gauge shotguns and ammunition are rare and expensive, appealing primarily to collectors and dedicated enthusiasts.
Finding and Maintaining Sub Gauge Shotguns
Locating a sub gauge shotgun can require patience and diligence. Gun shows, online auctions, and specialized gun stores are your best bets. Be prepared to pay a premium for well-maintained examples, especially for models like the A5 Sweet Sixteen. Here are a few tips:
- Condition is Key: Inspect the shotgun thoroughly for signs of wear, rust, and damage.
- Originality Matters: Original, unaltered shotguns are generally more valuable to collectors.
- Check the Bore: Ensure the bore is clean and free of pitting.
- Function Test: If possible, test the shotgun to ensure it functions correctly.
Maintaining a sub gauge shotgun is similar to maintaining any other firearm. Regular cleaning and proper storage are essential. Refer to the manufacturer's instructions for specific cleaning recommendations. REI’s Expert Advice section offers excellent resources on firearm maintenance.
Ammunition Availability: A Growing Challenge
One of the biggest challenges facing sub gauge shotgun owners is ammunition availability. While 12 and 20 gauge ammunition are readily available, finding ammunition for smaller gauges can be difficult and expensive. Manufacturers like Federal, Remington, and Fiocchi still produce limited quantities of 16, 28, and .410 shells. However, ammunition for gauges like 32 and 5 is often scarce and requires specialized sources. The recent ammunition shortages have exacerbated this problem, making it even more challenging to find and afford ammunition for these unique shotguns.
Sub Gauge Shotgun Hulls: Reloading Considerations
For dedicated sub gauge enthusiasts, reloading is often the only viable option for obtaining sufficient ammunition. Finding 16 gauge shotgun hulls, as well as hulls for other sub gauges, requires searching online retailers and reloading supply companies. Reloading offers several advantages, including cost savings and the ability to customize loads to specific hunting conditions. However, it also requires specialized equipment, knowledge, and a commitment to safety. Always consult reputable reloading manuals and follow safe reloading practices. The Hodgdon Reloading Data Center is an excellent resource for reloading information.
Ethical Considerations and Responsible Hunting
Regardless of the gauge you choose, responsible hunting practices are paramount. Always adhere to all applicable hunting regulations, obtain the necessary licenses and permits, and practice safe gun handling. The principles of Fair Chase, as advocated by organizations like the Boone and Crockett Club, emphasize ethical hunting practices and the conservation of wildlife. Furthermore, practicing Leave No Trace principles (leavenotrace.org) ensures that we minimize our impact on the environment and preserve the outdoors for future generations.
Are Sub Gauge Shotguns Right for You?
The decision to purchase a sub gauge shotgun depends on your individual needs and preferences. If you’re a collector, a history buff, or simply appreciate a unique and elegant firearm, a sub gauge shotgun can be a rewarding addition to your collection. If you’re a hunter seeking a lighter-recoiling shotgun for upland birds or small game, a 16 or 28 gauge might be a good choice. However, be prepared to deal with the challenges of ammunition availability and potentially higher costs. Ultimately, the best way to determine if a sub gauge shotgun is right for you is to try one out and experience its unique characteristics firsthand.
Resources for Further Exploration
- National Park Service: https://www.nps.gov/
- USDA Forest Service: https://www.fs.usda.gov/
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: https://www.fws.gov/
- Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics: https://lnt.org/
I hope this guide has provided a comprehensive overview of the fascinating world of sub gauge shotguns. Happy hunting, and remember to always prioritize safety and responsible stewardship of our natural resources.